Kinetic and kinematic analysis of gait during transport of the wheeled backpack in schoolchildren from 7 to 10 years of age / Análise cinética e cinemática da marcha durante o transporte da mochila com rodas em escolares de 7 a 10 anos de idade

Introduction: The overweight of school backpacks results in an increase of mechanical load in the locomotive apparatus of the students during the locomotion. Objective: Analyze and compare kinetic and kinematic temporal/spatial variables during gait and transport of backpacks with wheels (10% body weight of load) in schoolchildren aged 7 to 10 years. Methods: Ten healthy children (7.8 ± 1.6 years) participate in two experimental conditions, first condition involved the gait in the plane, and the second condition the backpack transport provided with wheels in the plane (10% body weight) occurred. Results: Soil reaction forces in force platform did not show any differences between the conditions. The similarities indicate that wheeled backpacks do not require time changes or application of forces to perform the task when compared to the unladen gait in the plane. The kinematics of the ankle, knee and pelvis remained unchanged. Conclusion: The use of 10% BW of load in the backpack during transport was not influenced gait.

Introdução: A sobrecarga em mochilas escolares pode resultar em aumento de carga mecânica sobre o aparelho locomotuvo de estudantes durante a marcha. Objetivo: Analisar e comparar as variáveis temporais/espaciais cinéticas e cinemáticas durante a marcha e o transporte de mochilas com rodas (10% peso corporal (PC)) em escolares de 7 a 10 anos. Métodos: Dez crianças, saudáveis (7.8 ± 1.6 anos) participaram de duas condições experimentais, sendo a primeira envolvendo a marcha, enquanto a segunda ocorreu o transporte de mochila provida de rodas, 10% PC. Resultados: As forças de reação do solo não apresentaram diferenças entre as duas condições. Porém, mostrou-se que mochilas com rodas não alteram aplicação de forças para execução da tarefa quando comparadas a marcha sem carga na locomoção. A cinemática do tornozelo, do joelho e da pelve permaneceram inalteradas. Conclusão: O uso de rodas na mochila para o transporte de carga de 10% PC não influenciou no padrão de marcha aplicado durante a marcha no plano.

Intracerebroventricular administration of the (1→6)-ß-d-glucan (lasiodiplodan) in male rats prevents d-penicillamine-induced behavioral alterations and lipoperoxidation in the cortex.

CONTEXT: Lasiodiplodan, an exocellular (1→6)-ß-d-glucan of molecular weight >1.4 × 106 Da produced by MMPI strain of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (Brotyosphaeriaceae) is known to exhibit anti-proliferative activity on breast cancer cells (MCF-7), anticoagulant activity when sulfonylated, and reduction in transaminase activity when administered in rats. OBJECTIVE: The effect of intracerebroventricular (I.C.V) injection of lasiodiplodan on neurotoxicity and behavioural changes induced by d-penicillamine was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were initially separated in groups of six and treated with 0.15 µmol/µL of NaCl (Groups Ct and d-Pen) and 0.01 µg/µL of lasiodiplodan (Groups Las and Las + d-Pen). After 15 min, they received 6 µmol/µL of NaCl (Groups Ct and Las) and 2 µmol/µL of d-penicillamine (Groups d-Pen and Las + d-Pen). The animal behavior was observed in an open-field test for 60 min. Twenty-four h later, the animals were sacrificed and histopathological analysis and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production measurements were performed. RESULTS: Lasiodiplodan prevented neurotoxicity induced by d-penicillamine significantly reducing the production of TBARS (308%; p < 0.05), and behavioural signs; convulsive and pre-convulsive. No histopathological alterations in the cerebral cortex were observed. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The reduction of TBARS production and convulsive episodes suggests that the protector effect provided by lasiodiplodan passes thought an antioxidant path, possibly interfering in a cascade of neurochemical events, triggering cell death and convulsive episodes. These results demonstrated that lasiodiplodan can be effective in treating neurotoxicity, and reducing damage triggered by convulsions in neuropathies related to GABAergic system.

Efeito da suplementação aguda com cafeína na resposta bioquímica durante exercício de endurance em ratos / Effect of acute caffeine supplementation in biochemical response during endurance exercise in rats / Efecto de la suplementación aguda con cafeína en la respuesta bioquímica durante ejercicio de endurance en ratones

RESUMOIntrodução:A cafeína é atualmente a substância mais consumida no mundo, e associada ao exercício físico, vem trazendo importantes ganhos no desempenho.Objetivo:Investigar efeitos bioquímicos da suple-mentação aguda de cafeína após um exercício de endurance em ratos Wistar.Métodos:Foram utilizados 27 ratos Wistar machos, pesando 357 ± 73 g, distribuídos de forma aleatória em três grupos: 1) Controle (sem suplementação e exercício); 2) Salina (salina + exercício); 3) Cafeína (6 mg/Kg de cafeína + exercício). As suple-mentações foram administradas com antecedência de 50 minutos da natação com duração de 60 minutos. Logo após a natação, os animais foram sacrificados para coleta de sangue e biópsia de tecido hepático e muscular. Foram analisados os níveis de glicose sanguínea, triglicerídeos, lactato sérico e concentrações de glicogênio hepático e muscular. Todos os resultados foram representados como média ± EPM. Para a análise estatística foi usado o teste ANOVA one way, sendo considerada diferença estatística somente para P<0,05.Resultados:O glicogênio muscular e o lactato não diferiram entre os grupos. A cafeína preservou os níveis de glicose sanguínea e glicogênio hepático (P<0,05). A cafeína elevou os níveis de glicerol plasmático em 31,2% (P<0,05) quando comparado ao grupo exercitado sem suplementação.Conclusão:O estudo reporta que o uso da cafeína pré-exercício promove alterações bioquímicas que podem melhorar a eficiência metabólica durante o exercício de endurance.

ABSTRACTIntroduction:Caffeine is presently the most consumed substance in the world and, associated with physical exercise, brings important achievements in performance.Objective:To investigate the biochemical effects of acute caffeine supplementation after endurance exercise in Wistar rats.Methods:Twenty-seven male Wistar rats have been used, weighing 357 ± 73 g, randomly distributed in three groups: 1) Control (without supplementa-tion and exercise), 2) Saline (saline+ exercise), 3) Caffeine (6 mg/kg caffeine + exercise). Supplements have been administered 50 minutes before the 60-minute swimming test. Immediately after swimming, the animals have been sacrificed for blood sampling and biopsy of liver and muscle tissue. The levels of blood glucose, triglycerides, serum lactate and concentrations of glycogen in liver and muscle have been analyzed. All results were expressed as mean ± SEM. The statistical analysis used was the ANOVA one way test, being considered statistically signi-ficant only P<0.05.Results:Muscle glycogen and lactate did not differ between groups. Caffeine has preserved the levels of blood glucose and liver glycogen (P<0.05). Caffeine has elevated the levels of plasma glycerol in 31.2% (P<0.05), when compared to the group exercised without supplementation.Conclusion:The study reports that the use of pre-exercise caffeine promotes biochemical alterations that can improve metabolic efficiency during the endurance exercise.

RESUMENIntroducción:La cafeína es actualmente la sustancia de mayor consumo en el mundo, y combinado con el ejercicio físico, ha traído beneficios importantes en el rendimiento durante el ejercicio.Objetivo:Investigar los efec-tos bioquímicos da la suplementación aguda de cafeína después de un ejercicio de endurance en ratones Wistar.Métodos:Fueron utilizados 27 ratones Wistar machos, con 357 ± 73 g de peso corporal, distribuidos de forma alea-toria en tres grupos: 1) Control (sin suplementación y ejercicio); 2) Salina (salina + ejercicio); 3) Cafeína (6 mg/Kg de cafeína + ejercicio). Las suplementaciones les fueran administradas 50 minutos antes de la natación con duración de 60 minutos. Después de la natación, los animales fueron sacrificados para la extracción de sangre y biopsia de tejido hepático y muscular. Fueron analizados los niveles de glucosa sanguínea, triglicéridos, lactato sérico y concentraciones de glucógeno hepático y muscular. Todos los resultados fueron representados como media ± EPM. Para la análisis estadística se aplicó la prueba ANOVA one way, siendo considerada diferencia estadística sólo para P<0,05.Resultados:Lo glucógeno muscular y el lactato no difirieron entre los grupos. La cafeína preservo los niveles de glucosa sanguínea y glucógeno hepático (P<0,05). La cafeína elevo los niveles de glicerol plasmático en 31,2% (P<0,05) en comparación con el grupo ejercitado sin suplementación.Conclusión:El estudio reporta que el uso de la cafeína antes del ejercicio promueve alteraciones bioquímicas que pueden mejorar la eficiencia metabólica durante el ejercicio de endurance.

Acute hypothalamic administration of L-arginine increases feed intake in rats / Administração hipotalâmica aguda de L-arginina aumenta a ingestão alimentar em ratos

Objective: This study investigated the chronic (oral) and acute (hypothalamic infusion) effects of L-arginine supplementation on feed intake, body composition, and behavioral changes in rats. Methods: Twenty rats were divided into two groups treated orally for 60 days; one group received L-arginine (1 g/kg body weight) and one group received saline (1 mL/NaCl 0.9%). Daily consumption of water and food were evaluated, and weight monitored. After the oral treatment, the rats underwent stereotactic biopsy and a group was injected with 2 µL of L-arginine (0.5 mM) and another received an injection of saline (0.9% NaCl), in the hypothalamic route, through micro infusion. Immediately after micro infusion, the animal behavior was evaluated through tests in the open field. Food and water consumption were evaluated at 12 and 24 hours after the micro infusion. Daily water consumption and weight gain evolution were evaluated. At the end of treatments, rats were euthanized and blood was collected for glucose, glycerol, and cholesterol evaluation, and histological analysis of vital organs. Results: Oral supplementation with L-arginine increased water intake (11%, p<0.05) and promoted weight gain (3%, p<0.05). However, hypothalamic infusion promoted a significant increase in chow intake (30%, p<0.05) after 24 hours of L-arginine administration. Conclusion: Chronic oral treatment with L-arginine was not effective on appetite modulation; however, an effect was observed when L-arginine was administered directly into the hypothalamus, suggesting a central regulation on appetite through nNOS sensitization. Chronic use of L-arginine did not cause substantial changes in anthropometric, biochemical, behavioral, or histological variables. .

Objetivo: Este estudo investigou os efeitos da suplementação crônica (oral) e aguda (infusão no hipotálamo) com L-arginina sobre a saciedade, composição corporal e mudanças comportamentais em ratos. Métodos: Vinte ratos foram divididos em dois grupos e tratados por via oral durante 60 dias; um grupo recebeu uma dose de L-arginina (1 g/kg de peso corporal), outro grupo recebeu uma dose de solução salina (1 mL/NaCl 0.9%). O consumo diário de água e comida e a evolução do ganho de peso foram avaliados. Após o tratamento por via oral, os ratos foram submetidos à estereotaxia: um grupo recebeu uma injeção com 2 µl de L-Arginina (0.5 mM) e outro recebeu uma injeção de solução salina (NaCl 0,9%), no hipotálamo, através de microinfusão. Imediatamente após a microinfusão, foi avaliado o comportamento dos animais através do teste em campo aberto. O consumo de água e de comida foi avaliado nas 12 e 24 horas seguintes à microinfusão. No final dos tratamentos, os ratos foram eutanasiados para coleta de amostras para dosagem de glicose, glicerol e colesterol, além da análise histológica dos órgãos. Resultados: A suplementação oral com L-arginina promoveu aumento do consumo de água (11%, p<0,05) e ganho de peso (3%, p<0,05). Além disso, a infusão hipotalâmica promoveu um aumento significativo do consumo alimentar (30%, p<0,05) após 24 horas da administração de L-arginina. Conclusão: O tratamento oral crônico com L-arginina não obteve efeitos na modulação do apetite. No entanto, ocorreu aumento da ingestão de alimento quando a L-arginina foi administrada diretamente no hipotálamo, sugerindo que exista uma estimulação do apetite através da sensibilização da nNOS nessa região. O uso crônico de L-arginina não causou mudanças substanciais nos dados antropométricos, bioquímicos, comportamentais ou histológicos. .

Biological activities of derivatized D-glucans: a review.

D-Glucans have triggered increasing interest in commercial applications in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors because of their technological properties and biological activities. The glucans are foremost among the polysaccharide groups produced by microorganisms with demonstrated activity in stimulating the immune system, and have potential in treating human disease conditions. Chemical alterations in the structure of D-glucans through derivatization (sulfonylation, carboxymethylation, phosphorylation, acetylation) contributes to their increased solubility that, in turn, can alter their biological activities such as antioxidation and anticoagulation. This review surveys and cites the latest advances on the biological and technological potential of D-glucans following chemical modifications through sulfonylation, carboxymethylation, phosphorylation or acetylation, and discusses the findings of their activities. Several studies suggest that chemically modified d-glucans have potentiated biological activity as anticoagulants, antitumors, antioxidants, and antivirals. This review shows that in-depth future studies on chemically modified glucans with amplified biological effects will be relevant in the biotechnological field because of their potential to prevent and treat numerous human disease conditions and their clinical complications.

Caffeine modifies blood glucose availability during prolonged low-intensity exercise in individuals with type-2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The study investigated the effect of supplementation with maltodextrin (CHO) alone or associated to caffeine during exercise in T2DM subjects. METHODS: Pilot study, using eight subjects with T2DM, aged 55±10 years, received CHO (1 g/kg) or caffeine (1.5 mg/kg) alone or associated before exercise protocol. The exercise was executed at 40% heart rate (HR) reserve for 40 min, with 10-min recovery. Blood pressure (BP) and perceived exertion scale (Borg) were checked every 2 min. Blood glucose (BG) was checked every 10 min. For statistical analysis, ANOVA test was used and the value was considered statistically significant at p <0.05. RESULTS: The results showed that BP and HR did not change significantly among all treatments. Caffeine promoted a significant reduction in BG of 75 mg/dL (65%, p <0.05) during 40 min of exercise protocol compared to all groups. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with 1.5 mg/kg of caffeine reduces BG concentration during prolonged exercise in T2DM patients.

OBJECTIVO: Investigar los efectos de la suplementación con maltodextrina (CHO) sólo o combinado con cafeína durante el ejercicio en sujetos con diabetes tipo 2 . MÉTODOS: Estudio piloto que incluyó ocho sujetos con DM2, de 55±10 años, el CHO (1g/kg) o cafeína (1.5 mg/kg) sólo o combinado antes del protocolo de ejercicio. El ejercicio se realizó a 40% de la frecuencia cardiaca (FC). Reserva del corazón durante 40 min con 10 min de recuperación. La presión arterial (PA) y la escala de esfuerzo (Borg) fueron revisadas cada 2 min. La glucosa en sangre (GS) se comprobó cada 10 min. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante ANOVA, y consideró significación estadística un valor de p <0.05. RESULTADOS: Los resultados muestran que PA, FC y Borg no difirió significativamente entre los tratamientos. La cafeína promueve una reducción significativa en los niveles de glucosa en la sangre de 75 mg/dL (65%, p <0.05), durante un protocolo de ejercicio de 40 min en comparación con todos los grupos. CONCLUSIONES: Suplementación con 1.5 mg/kg de cafeína redujo significativamente los niveles de GS durante el protocolo de ejercicio en pacientes con DM2 .

Ingestão aguda de cafeína reduz a glicemia sanguínea antes e após o exercício físico agudo em ratos diabéticos / Acute caffeine intake lowers glycemia before and after acute physical exercise in diabetic rats

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo verificou os efeitos da suplementação com cafeína associada ao exercício físico agudo sobre a resposta glicêmica em ratos diabéticos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 32 animais, com 60 dias de idade, e 238±3 g de peso, divididos em quatro grupos: controle, controle cafeína, diabetes e diabetes/cafeína. O modelo de diabetes foi induzido pela administração intraperitoneal de 60 mg/kg de estreptozotocina. De forma aguda, os animais receberam 6 mg de cafeína ou salina para os grupos-controles 60 minutos antes do exercício físico. Os animais realizaram um protocolo de natação de 60 minutos de exercício físico, com sobrecarga de 6% do peso corporal com lactacidemia compatível com a máxima produção de lactato em estado estável (5,5 mmol/L). Após o exercício físico agudo, foi realizada a eutanásia dos animais para coleta de sangue e análises glicêmicas. Antes e após a prescrição das suplementações, ocorreu a aferição das respostas cardiovasculares por meio de um pletismógrafo de cauda. Foi realizado o teste estatístico Analise de Variância one way com post hoc de Student-Newman-Keuls para analisar as diferenças estatísticas entre as suplementações, sendo considerado p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A prescrição de cafeína na dose de 6 mg/kg não alterou respostas cardiovasculares. No entanto, a cafeína promoveu uma significante redução na glicemia sanguínea (42%; p<0,05) após 60 minutos do protocolo de exercício nos ratos diabéticos em relação aos grupos-controles. CONCLUSÃO: A ingestão aguda de cafeína associada ao exercício físico agudo pode aumentar a captação de glicose sem alterar as respostas ...

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the effects of caffeine supplementation combined with acute physical exercise on the glycemic response of diabetic rats. METHODS: Thirty-two 60-day-old rats with a mean weight of 238±3 g were divided into four groups: control, control caffeine, diabetes, and diabetes/caffeine. Diabetes was induced by 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin intraperitoneally. The control groups received an acute dose of caffeine (6 mg) or saline 60 minutes before exercise. The animals were then forced to swim for 60 minutes carrying a ballast weighing 6% of their body weight, producing lactacidemia compatible with the maximum lactate production during the steady state (5.5 mmol/L). After the acute exercise session, the animals were sacrificed and their blood collected for glucose analysis. The cardiovascular responses were measured before and after supplementation by tail cuff plethysmography. The one-way Analysis of Variance (Anova) was realized with post hoc of Student-Newman-Keuls to analyse the statistical differences between the supplementations, considering p<0.05. RESULTS: Caffeine at a dose of 6 mg/kg did not change the cardiovascular responses. However, compared with the control groups, caffeine reduced the blood glucose (42%, p<0.05) of diabetic rats after 60 minutes of exercise. CONCLUSION: Acute caffeine ingestion together with exercise can increase glucose uptake without changing cardiovascular responses in animal models. .

Effects of l-arginine and creatine administration on spatial memory in rats subjected to a chronic variable stress model.

CONTEXT: Chronic stress results from repeated exposure to one or more types of stressors over a period, ranging from days to months, and can be associated with physical, behavioral, and neuropsychiatric manifestations. Some physiological alterations resulting from chronic stress can potentially cause deficits on spatial learning and memory. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of chronic variable stress (CVS) and administration of l-arginine and creatine on spatial memory in rats. Furthermore, body, heart, adrenal weight, and plasma glucose and corticosterone levels were analyzed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were subjected to a CVS model for 40 days and evaluated for spatial memory after the stress period. Chronically stressed animals were treated daily by gavage with: 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (Group Cs), 500 mg/kg l-arginine (Group Cs/La), 300 mg/kg creatine (Group Cs/Cr); and 500 mg/kg l-arginine and 300 mg/kg creatine (Group Cs/La + Cr) during the entire experimental period. RESULTS: Our results showed that animals in the Cs/Cr and Cs/La + Cr groups presented significantly decreased corticosterone levels compared to group Cs (p < 0.05); animals in group Cs/Cr were more efficient in finding the platform, in the working memory task, compared to all other groups (p < 0.01); and animals in group Cs/La + Cr significantly improved in reference memory retention compared to controls (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Overall, these results demonstrated that a single administration of creatine improves working memory efficiency, and, when co-administrated with l-arginine, improves reference memory retention, a phenomenon that is possibly associated with increased creatine/phosphocreatine levels and l-arginine-derived NO synthesis.

Sulfonylurea induction of caffeine-enhanced insulin secretion and reduction of glycemic levels in diabetic rats.

CONTEXT: Caffeine can stimulate insulin secretion by attenuating hyperglycemia in diabetes models with significant reduction of pancreatic functional ß cells. Knowledge of these mechanisms could contribute to new strategies for treating diabetes. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of caffeine and physical exercise on glycemic and insulin responses in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The diabetes model was induced by intraperitoneal administration of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ). Animals were divided into six groups: control, caffeine, STZ control, STZ caffeine, STZ sulfonylurea, and STZ caffeine + sulfonylurea. Acutely, control animals received 6 mg of caffeine and 10 mg/kg sulfonylurea or 10 mg/kg saline. Animals were sacrificed after physical exercise; blood samples were collected for glucose, glycerol, lactate, and insulin analyses. Cardiovascular responses were recorded before and after treatments. A one-way ANOVA and the post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls test were used to analyze statistical differences between treatments (p < 0.05). RESULTS: About 6 mg/kg of caffeine did not alter cardiovascular responses, but promoted blood glucose reduction after 60 min of exercise when compared to animals in the control groups (387-187 mg/dL; p < 0.05). Insulin levels increased significantly (0.6-10 µU/mL; p < 0.05) in rats that received acute caffeine treatment associated with sulfonylurea compared to rats in the other groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Acute caffeine intake with exercise can increase glucose uptake enhancing insulin secretion stimulated by sulfonylurea in ß cells-deficient pancreas. The results indicate the potential use of caffeine as a strategy for glycemic and insulin control in diabetes.

Decreased erythrocyte NA+,K+-ATPase activity and increased plasma TBARS in prehypertensive patients.

The essential hypertension has been associated with membrane cell damage. The aim of the present study is investigate the relationship between erythrocyte Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and lipoperoxidation in prehypertensive patients compared to normotensive status. The present study involved the prehypertensive patients (systolic: 136 ± 7 mmHg; diastolic: 86.8 ± 6.3 mmHg; n = 8) and healthy men with normal blood pressure (systolic: 110 ± 6.4 mmHg; diastolic: 76.1 ± 4.2 mmHg; n = 8) who were matched for age (35 ± 4 years old). The venous blood samples of antecubital vein (5 mL) were collected into a tube containing sodium heparin as anticoagulant (1000 UI), and erythrocyte ghosts were prepared for quantifying Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity. The extent of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was determined in plasma. The statistical analysis was carried out by Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. A P < 0.05 was considered significant. The Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity was lower in prehypertensive patients compared with normotensive subjects (4.9 versus 8.0 nmol Pi/mg protein/min; P < 0.05). The Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity correlated negatively with TBARS content (r = -0.6; P < 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (r = -0.84; P < 0.05). The present study suggests that Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity reduction and elevation of the TBARS content may underlie the pathophysiological aspects linked to the prehypertensive status.

[Hypertension and diabetes in the family health strategy: an analysis of the frequency in the follow-up care by the teams of family health]. / Hipertensão arterial e diabetes na Estratégia de Saúde da Família: uma análise da frequência de acompanhamento pelas equipes de Saúde da Família.

The aim of this article is to evaluate the diabetes and hypertension records and the follow-up care by the health professionals of the 13th Regional Health Precinct teams (13th CRS). It is a descriptive-exploratory. The Student's t test was used to check the differences between the hypertension and diabetes records in the municipalities. Significant statistical difference was ascertained only for p<0.05. The Pearson test was used to check the relation between the hypertension and diabetics records. The monitoring of hypertension and of diabetes cases by the health professionals do not correspond to the annual average of register in the different municipalities of the 13th CRS. The municipalities of the 13th CRS showed a smaller level of annual monitoring by the health professionals regarding the mean of hypertension register (register: 37.3 ± 2.4 versus monitoring: 28.0 ± 2.1; P<0.05) and diabetes (register: 7.2 ± 0.6 versus monitoring: 5.7 ± 0.5; P<0.05). The municipality of Venâncio Aires showed the lowest rates of follow-up care by the health teams, reaching 50% in cases of hypertension and 55% in diabetes, as compared to the other municipalities. The health teams were found to provide very little follow-up care to hypertension and diabetes patients in the municipalities comprised by the 13th CRS.

Hipertensão arterial e diabetes na Estratégia de Saúde da Família: uma análise da frequência de acompanhamento pelas equipes de Saúde da Família / Hypertension and diabetes in the Family Health Strategy: an analysis of the frequency in the follow-up care by the teams of Family Health

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a média anual do cadastro de diabetes e hipertensão e o correspondente nível de acompanhamento pelas equipes de saúde da 13ª Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde (13ª CRS). O estudo é do tipo descritivo-exploratório. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para verificar diferenças entre o cadastro e o acompanhamento da hipertensão e diabetes para cada município. Considerou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa somente para p<0,05. O acompanhamento dos casos de hipertensão e de diabetes pelas equipes de saúde não correspondem à média anual de cadastro nos diferentes municípios da 13ª CRS. Os municípios da 13ª CRS apresentaram um menor nível de acompanhamento anual pelas equipes de saúde em relação à média geral de cadastros de hipertensão (cadastro: 37,3 ± 2,4 versus acompanhamento: 28,0 ± 2,1; P<0,05) e diabetes (cadastro: 7,2 ± 0,6 versus acompanhamento: 5,7 ± 0,5; P<0,05). Dentre os municípios analisados, Venâncio Aires apresentou o menor percentual de acompanhamento nos casos de hipertensão (50 por cento) e diabetes (55 por cento) em relação aos demais municípios. Verificou-se um reduzido acompanhamento de diabetes e hipertensão pelas equipes de saúde na 13ª CRS.

The aim of this article is to evaluate the diabetes and hypertension records and the follow-up care by the health professionals of the 13th Regional Health Precinct teams (13th CRS). It is a descriptive-exploratory. The Student's t test was used to check the differences between the hypertension and diabetes records in the municipalities. Significant statistical difference was ascertained only for p<0.05. The Pearson test was used to check the relation between the hypertension and diabetics records. The monitoring of hypertension and of diabetes cases by the health professionals do not correspond to the annual average of register in the different municipalities of the 13th CRS. The municipalities of the 13th CRS showed a smaller level of annual monitoring by the health professionals regarding the mean of hypertension register (register: 37.3 ± 2.4 versus monitoring: 28.0 ± 2.1; P<0.05) and diabetes (register: 7.2 ± 0.6 versus monitoring: 5.7 ± 0.5; P<0.05). The municipality of Venâncio Aires showed the lowest rates of follow-up care by the health teams, reaching 50 percent in cases of hypertension and 55 percent in diabetes, as compared to the other municipalities. The health teams were found to provide very little follow-up care to hypertension and diabetes patients in the municipalities comprised by the 13th CRS.

Propionic acid induces convulsions and protein carbonylation in rats.

Propionic acid (PA) accumulates in patients with propionic acidemia, an inherited metabolic disorder caused by the deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity that is clinically characterized by neurological dysfunction, including seizures. However, it is not known whether PA causes seizures in experimental animals. In the current study, we investigated whether intrastriatal injection of PA (0.6-6 micromol) causes seizures and alters protein carbonyl content in the striatum of adult rats. The injection of PA caused the appearance of seizures and increased protein carbonyl content in injected and noninjected striata. PA-induced seizures and increased protein carbonylation in the striatum were prevented by the injection of MK-801 (3 nmol/0.5 microL). Our results suggest that PA causes seizures and oxidative damage by NMDA receptor-mediated mechanisms. The involvement of NMDA receptors in the pathogenesis of propionic acidemia is suggested.

Intrastriatal methylmalonic acid administration induces convulsions and TBARS production, and alters Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the rat striatum and cerebral cortex.

PURPOSE: Methylmalonic acid (MMA) inhibits succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity in vitro. Acute intrastriatal administration of MMA induces convulsions through glutamatergic mechanisms probably involving primary adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion and free radical generation. In this study we investigated whether the intrastriatal administration of MMA causes lipoperoxidation and alteration in Na+, K+-ATPase activity ex vivo and characterized the electrographic changes elicited by the intrastriatal administration of this organic acid. METHODS: MMA-induced lipoperoxidation, alterations in Na+, K+-ATPase activity and electrographic changes were measured by measuring total thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances and inorganic phosphate release by spectrophotometry, and by depth electrode recording, respectively. RESULTS: We demonstrated that intrastriatal MMA (6 mmol) injection causes convulsive behavior and electrographically recorded convulsions that last approximately 2 h. Concomitant with the increase of thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) content, we observed a significant inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the striatum, and activation of Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. Intrastriatal MMA injection increased the content of TBARS in the striatum measured 30 min (32.4 +/- 12.0%, compared with the noninjected contralateral striatum) and 3 h (39.7 +/- 5.1%, compared with the noninjected contralateral striatum) after MMA injection. TBARS content of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex increased after MMA injection at 30 min (42.1 +/- 6.0%) and 3 h (40.4 +/- 20.2%), and Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex increased during ictal activity (113.8 +/- 18%) and returned to basal levels as electrographic convulsions vanished in the cortex. Interestingly, intrastriatal MMA administration induced a persistent decrease in Na+,K+-ATPase activity only in the injected striatum (44.9 +/- 8.1% at 30 min and 68.7 +/- 9.4 at 3 h). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that MMA induces lipoperoxidation associated with Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition or activation, depending on the cerebral structure analyzed. It is suggested that Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition may play a primary role in generating MMA-induced convulsions.